Lishan Garden → Lunch → Terracotta Army → Dinner → “The Resurrected Legion”/“The Song of Everlasting Sorrow”
No matter where you are staying, you can reach our first destination today—the Emperor Qinshihuang's Mausoleum Site Museum—by bus, subway, or taxi. We recommend arriving before 10:00 AM. Please manage your departure time accordingly.
Before the unification of China by Qin, the land had experienced 550 years of division and warfare. During the Spring and Autumn period, there were over 140 feudal states. Over the next 300 years, the power dynamics shifted constantly, with five major states taking turns to dominate. By the Warring States period, only about 20 states remained. During the Warring States period, the frequency of wars decreased, but their scale and the resulting casualties increased dramatically. These wars were often devastating enough to annihilate a medium-sized state. For example, in the famous Battle of Changping (a military campaign which took place from 262 to 260 BC at Changping , northwest of present-day Gaoping , Shanxi, between the State of Qin and the State of Zhao), the Qin army killed and captured a total of 450,000 Zhao soldiers, with 400,000 Zhao prisoners being killed or buried alive. The continuous warfare brought immense suffering and loss to the people, who longed for an end to the chaos. Initially, Qin was just an insignificant tribe. At that time, the entire region was under the rule of the Zhou Dynasty, with the highest authority being the king. Each noble had their own state, complete with political, economic, and military power. The ancestor of Qin, "Qin Feizi ," was skilled in horse breeding and was favored by King Xiao of Zhou , who wanted to revitalize the royal livestock industry. King Xiao granted Qin Feizi the land of Qin (present-day Tianshui , Gansu province in China) as a fief, making him a vassal of the Zhou royal family, known as "Qin Ying ." At this time, Qin's political status was very low, essentially just a city-state. Qin was located near the Western Rong tribes, a collective term for various ethnic groups in the west. The Qin tribe had both conflicts and exchanges with the Western Rong. Over time, the Qin tribe was frequently invaded by the Western Rong but also developed its military strength through these confrontations. In 771 BC, the Marquis of Shen and the Quanrong (both are minorities from present-day northwestern China) invaded, killing King You of Zhou . The leader of Qin, Duke Xiang of Qin , was rewarded for his loyalty and assistance in relocating King Ping of Zhou . In 770 BC, Duke Xiang was formally recognized as a feudal lord and granted land west of Mount Qi , officially establishing the state of Qin and significantly elevating its political status. At this time, no one could have imagined that this small state would unify the entire land 549 years later. Over the next 193 years, Qin, now a recognized state, continued to expand by conquering numerous tribes in the northwest, increasing its population and military strength. However, it retained many primitive tribal customs and was looked down upon and ridiculed by the states in the Central Plains, who even excluded Qin from feudal alliances. Qin's transformation began with a significant defeat—the loss of the Hexi region to the state of Wei. In this five-year war, the powerful Wei army crossed the Yellow River, defeated the Qin army, and seized the crucial Hexi (west of the Yellow River) region. The Hexi region, located west of the Yellow River and north of Guanzhong, was a strategic area. Losing Hexi deprived Qin of an important strategic buffer and resource area, severely threatening its security and blocking its path to the Central Plains, confining it within the mountains and greatly limiting its development. This situation can be compared to Germany losing Alsace and Lorraine or the Ottoman Empire losing Asia Minor. However, Qin did not perish. This "barbaric" state had an indomitable spirit and courage deeply ingrained in its blood. Learning from its defeat, Qin recognized the flaws in its political system and governance, sparking a determination for political reform, leading to the significant historical event known as the Shang Yang Reforms. The Shang Yang Reforms, filled with innovative spirit and bloodshed, occurred in two phases. First Phase (6 years): Household Registration and Collective Responsibility System: The population was organized into mutual responsibility groups of five households ("Wu") and ten households ("Shi"). These units enhanced grassroots organization and law enforcement. The collective responsibility system required mutual supervision and reporting, with severe collective punishment for unreported crimes. Mandatory Household Separation for Taxation: Large families with more than two adult males were required to register as separate households, with double taxes imposed on those who refused to comply. This policy weakened powerful clans, promoted smaller family units, and improved tax efficiency. Military Merit Rewards: Titles and ranks were awarded based on battlefield achievements, breaking the traditional hereditary aristocracy and allowing commoners to rise in status, weakening the old nobility's privileges. Agricultural Promotion and Suppression of Commerce: Those who made significant contributions to farming were exempted from labor duties, while merchants and artisans faced heavy restrictions. Some who failed to comply with labor regulations were even enslaved with their families. The first phase revitalized Qin, while the second phase delved deeper into land and political reforms, setting the stage for Shang Yang’s personal downfall. Second Phase: Land Reform: The well-field system (a communal land ownership system where land was divided into nine plots, with eight families cultivating their own sections and jointly working the central plot for the state) was abolished, leading to private land ownership. This motivated farmers, boosted agricultural production, and laid the foundation for Qin’s economic rise. Political Reform: The county system was implemented, establishing 41 counties directly governed by state-appointed officials. This centralized control improved administrative efficiency and strengthened Qin’s power. Standardization: Unified weights and measures were introduced, ensuring consistency in trade and strengthening state control over the economy. These reforms dismantled the feudal aristocratic system, rapidly advancing Qin’s economy, governance, and military strength, laying the groundwork for the eventual unification of China. However, for Shang Yang, these reforms led to his downfall. The outstanding statesman who led Qin's reforms for nearly 20 years offended the nobility. After the death of his supporter, Duke Xiao of Qin, the new ruler, King Huiwen, influenced by the old nobility, ordered Shang Yang's arrest. Shang Yang fled but was refused shelter due to his own laws. He attempted to seek refuge in Wei but was rejected due to past conflicts. Returning to his fief, he raised an army but was defeated and killed. His body was dismembered as a warning. Shang Yang met such a tragic end primarily because his reforms dismantled the privileges of the nobility and because he punished the Crown Prince's tutor, which caused him to lose his support base in the state of Qin. Additionally, Shang Yang's immense influence in Qin made the newly crowned King Huiwen uneasy, fearing a challenge to his authority. Despite Shang Yang's unfortunate demise, his reforms continued to be implemented in Qin, playing a significant role in the state's prosperity and strength. Following the reforms, Qin rapidly advanced. King Huiwen reclaimed the Hexi region and expanded into Sichuan, bringing wealth. His successors continued to wage and win wars, significantly weakening other states. King Zhaoxiang 's 56-year reign saw major victories, including the Battle of Yique (293 BC), where Qin defeated Han and Wei, killing 240,000; the Battle of Yan (279 NC), where Qin flooded the Chu capital, killing tens of thousands; the Battle of Huayang (273 BC), where Qin defeated Zhao and Wei, killing 150,000; and the Battle of Changping (260 BC), where Qin killed or buried 450,000 Zhao soldiers. These wars severely weakened other states, paving the way for Qin's unification. At that time, the eastern states of China were not weak; in fact, many had powerful armies renowned throughout the land. For instance, the state of Wei had the "Wei Wu Zu " (Wei Martial Infantry). These were elite heavy infantry trained by the famous general Wu Qi. Under his command, the Wei Wu Zu fought numerous battles, achieving an impressive record of 72 major engagements with 64 outright victories and the rest ending in draws. The selection criteria for these soldiers were stringent: they had to be able to draw a bow with a 240-kilogram pull, carry nearly 30 kilograms of armor, food, and weapons, and march over 40 kilometers within 4-5 hours. The state of Qi boasted the "Qi Ji Ji " (Qi Combat Warriors). The minimum requirement for these soldiers was to be a warrior, undergoing rigorous training in various skills such as hand-to-hand combat, wrestling, swimming, horsemanship, swordsmanship, and archery. This training emphasized individual combat ability and diverse fighting techniques, similar to modern special forces. At their peak, the Qi Ji Ji were able to hold their own against the Wei Wu Zu. Zhao had the "Zhao Bian Qi " (Zhao Border Cavalry). This elite light cavalry unit leveraged Zhao's superior horses and adopted the tactics of nomadic tribes, excelling in long-range attacks. They were the most mobile army of their time and even managed to defeat elite Qin troops. The state of Han had the "Ji Sha Nu Bing " (Han Elite Crossbowmen). This long-range attack force was equipped with powerful crossbows capable of shooting up to 600 paces (approximately 800 meters). Han's advanced weapon manufacturing allowed them to equip their troops with iron weapons, which were far superior in sharpness and durability compared to the bronze weapons used by other states. Other formidable armies included Chu's "Shenxi Army" and Yan's "Liao Dong Iron Soldiers ." Of course, the ultimate victors were the " Qin Elite Warriors." The renowned scholar Xunzi commented on the military prowess of these states in his work "Yi Bing Pian" (On the Art of War): "The martial arts of Qi cannot match the martial troops of Wei; the martial troops of Wei cannot match the elite warriors of Qin." To understand why the Qin warriors were so formidable, we will find the answer in the Terracotta Army. Ultimately, Qin Shi Huang, leveraging advanced political and military systems, swept through the six states, unifying the land. Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of China, is a legendary figure with an extraordinary life story. Due to space constraints, let's sketch a brief portrait of him: He was born in Handan, the capital of the state of Zhao, and later returned to Qin. Ascending the throne at the age of 13, he appointed Lü Buwei as his chancellor. At that time, the state of Qin was already powerful and poised to unify the other six states. At 22, he held his coming-of-age ceremony at the Qinian Palace in Yongcheng, officially taking over the reins of power. He then quelled the rebellion led by the Marquis of Changxin, Lao Ai, and removed the influential chancellor Lü Buwei, beginning his sole control over the state. Qin Shi Huang was extremely diligent, requiring himself to complete 30 kilograms of official documents each day before resting. These documents were inscribed on bamboo slips, so their weight was used to measure the workload. Thirty kilograms of bamboo slips roughly equated to over 200,000 characters of information. He was meticulous in his management of officials and state affairs. Whether it was national policies or local matters, Qin Shi Huang personally oversaw everything. He paid close attention to the appointment and dismissal of officials, the formulation of policies, and the enforcement of laws, ensuring he was well-informed about all aspects of governance. Qin Shi Huang was also deeply involved in the planning and management of major construction projects such as the Great Wall , the Straight Road , the Lingqu Canal , the Epang Palace , and his own mausoleum. These projects were not only massive in scale but also required high technical standards, necessitating extensive planning, organization, and supervision. He personally participated in the decision-making and management of these projects to ensure their successful completion. In the 11 years following the unification of China, Qin Shi Huang conducted five nationwide inspection tours, traveling as far east as the East China Sea, south to the South China Sea, west to Longxi, and north to the Great Wall. These tours aimed to demonstrate the might of the Qin dynasty and strengthen control over the regions. They also allowed him to inspect local conditions and the implementation of policies firsthand. He traveled with numerous ministers and officials, handling state affairs on the go. During these tours, he met with local officials, listened to their reports, provided guidance on governance, and addressed important issues on-site. Tragically, it was during his final inspection tour that he fell seriously ill and died in his carriage. Posterity has hailed him as the "First Emperor of the Ages," not only because he unified China but also due to the measures he implemented afterward. These measures brought about economic and cultural unification, laying the foundation for a unified Chinese culture and political system. 1. Establishment of a Centralized Government System Qin Shi Huang abolished the feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty and implemented the "Three Lords and Nine Ministers" system at the central level. The Three Lords were responsible for administration, military affairs, and supervision, while the Nine Ministers managed various specific affairs. At the local level, he introduced the commandery-county system , where local officials were directly appointed and dismissed by the central government. This system strengthened central control over local administrations and laid the foundation for the political structure of Chinese feudal society for over two thousand years, having a profound impact on future generations. 2. Standardization of Writing, Weights and Measures, and Currency Before the unification of the six states, there were significant differences in writing systems, which severely hindered cultural exchange and dissemination. Qin Shi Huang ordered Li Si and others to standardize the script, creating the Small Seal Script as the official standard, which was promoted nationwide. The unification of writing not only facilitated cultural transmission and development but also enhanced national cohesion and identity. The standardization of weights and measures was another far-reaching measure. Qin Shi Huang had decrees inscribed on official weights and measures, which were distributed nationwide as standards. This initiative promoted economic development and strengthened economic ties across the country. Unifying the currency was relatively easier. Qin Shi Huang strictly prohibited private minting and mandated the use of a standardized round coin with a square hole, known as the Ban Liang coin. This currency form was used in China for over two thousand years, significantly contributing to the development of the ancient Chinese economy. 3. Construction of Large-Scale Projects and Infrastructure Development Lingqu Canal : One of the oldest canals in the world, the Lingqu Canal was built on Qin Shi Huang's orders to facilitate the conquest of the Lingnan region. It connected the Yangtze and Pearl River systems, providing logistical support for Qin's military and enhancing political, economic, and cultural exchanges between the northern and southern regions. In 2018, the Lingqu Canal was listed as a World Heritage Irrigation Structure. Qin Straight Road : An important military highway, the Qin Straight Road was built to high standards, with widths ranging from 20 meters at its narrowest to 60 meters at its widest, resembling modern highways. Its construction strengthened Qin's military defenses, enabled rapid troop movements, and promoted regional exchanges. Similar to the Roman Empire's road system, it reflects the strategic thinking of classical military empires. Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang: The largest and most complex imperial tomb in the world, the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang is renowned for its intricate design, numerous traps, and abundant burial artifacts, including the world-famous Terracotta Army. The mausoleum is a testament to the wisdom and labor of ancient Chinese people and holds immense value for studying China's ancient history, culture, and art. 4. Territorial Expansion and Border Defense Northern Campaign Against the Xiongnu: The Xiongnu were a powerful nomadic tribe in northern China that frequently raided the Central Plains. Qin Shi Huang dispatched General Meng Tian with 300,000 troops to drive the Xiongnu out of the Ordos region. He also extended the Great Wall from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east, effectively preventing Xiongnu incursions and safeguarding the Central Plains. Southern Campaign Against the Baiyue: Qin Shi Huang also led a southern campaign to conquer the Baiyue region, incorporating Lingnan into the Qin Empire. He established commanderies such as Nanhai, Guilin, and Xiang to govern the area, promoting economic and cultural exchanges between the Central Plains and Lingnan. Of course, Qin Shi Huang was not a perfect leader and faced much controversy, such as the burning of books and burying of scholars, extensive construction projects, and harsh, inflexible laws that imposed heavy burdens and suffering on the people. However, these issues do not overshadow his remarkable achievements. We hope this brief overview provides you with a rough understanding of Qin Shi Huang and the Qin Dynasty.
Operating Hours: Off-Season: Ticket checks start at 8:30 AM and end at 4:30 PM. Peak Season: Ticket checks start at 8:30 AM and end at 5:00 PM. Upon arriving at the entrance of Lishan Garden, you will see a statue of Qin Shi Huang. Directly opposite the statue is the shuttle bus that runs between the Terracotta Army and Lishan Garden, which you can ride for free. Typically, the Terracotta Army site is more crowded in the morning, while Lishan Garden sees more visitors in the afternoon. Therefore, we recommend starting your visit at Lishan Garden to avoid the peak crowds. Now, let's head to the Lishan Garden shuttle bus station. The journey is approximately 2 kilometers and takes about 10 minutes by bus. During this short ride, let us briefly introduce you to the magnificent tomb known as one of the "Eight Wonders of the World." Introduction to the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang Qin Shi Huang began the construction of his mausoleum shortly after ascending the throne of the state of Qin at the age of 13. The construction spanned a total of 39 years. After unifying the six states, he conscripted over 700,000 laborers from across the empire to work on the mausoleum, which was completed during the reign of his successor, Qin Er Shi. This grand mausoleum was modeled after the Qin capital, Xianyang, and is essentially rectangular in shape. The burial complex centers around a mound and features two nested rectangular walls running north to south. Archaeological research has revealed the dimensions of the underground palace's walls, including their length, width, and depth. The palace walls have gates on all sides, encompassing an area of approximately 18,030 square meters. The southern half of the inner city of the mausoleum is built with rammed earth, forming a trapezoidal shape with a flat top and two small terraced steps in the middle, creating three tiers. The original base of the mound covered an area of over 50,000 square meters and stood about 115 meters high. However, after more than two millennia of natural erosion and human destruction, the base now covers only about 10,000 square meters and stands approximately 87 meters high. (Imaginary Illustration of Qin Shi Huang's Mausoleum) Over the decades, archaeologists have confirmed that the total area of Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum is 56.25 square kilometers, equivalent to two and a half times the size of Macau or 78 times the area of the Forbidden City. However, only 1/102 of the total area has been thoroughly explored. The core area of the mausoleum covers about 21,350 square meters, with only 1/32 of this core area having been relatively well-surveyed. There are over 400 known burial pits, but fewer than 10 have been excavated, with only 5 on display. It is said that the excavated Terracotta Army pits occupy only 0.025% of the entire mausoleum. (Imaginary Structure of Qin Shi Huang's Mausoleum) The mausoleum's mystery lies not only in its vastness but also in its extraordinary design. According to historical records from the Eastern Han Dynasty, the tomb is approximately 45 meters deep. After excavation, molten copper was poured to form a base, and building materials were used to simulate the geography of China. Mercury was then poured into the rivers and seas, with mechanical devices making the mercury flow to mimic real waterways. The ceiling was adorned with pearls and gemstones to represent the sun, moon, and stars, and candles made from the oil of a legendary sea creature from the East China Sea, were from the fat of "mermaids from the East Sea" were intended to burn eternally, illuminating the underground palace. It is said that Qin Shi Huang's coffin floated on the mercury rivers and lakes, moving as if he were still patrolling his empire. This account may seem hard to believe, but recent surveys have detected high levels of mercury beneath the mausoleum, suggesting the presence of large quantities of mercury underground. The mercury concentration is higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest, mirroring China's geographical distribution of water systems. The mausoleum is also believed to contain countless treasures, and it has never been looted, primarily due to its numerous anti-theft mechanisms. If you've seen "Indiana Jones," you can imagine the deadly traps within this vast tomb. Even if Indiana Jones were real and managed to enter the underground palace and evade all the traps, he would not survive the toxic mercury fumes. Mercury can be absorbed through the skin, causing nerve damage, and inhaling it is even more dangerous. When will archaeologists uncover the secrets of this mausoleum? Currently, excavation is not pursued because the estimated size of the underground palace makes it difficult to construct a protective structure large enough to preserve it. Therefore, the secrets remain buried until we have the means to protect them. So, please take care of your health and maintain a good diet. Perhaps in our lifetime, we will witness the moment when these mysteries are finally revealed. The shuttle bus has reached its destination. Now, let's begin our journey at Lishan Garden.
Lishan Garden is quite expansive, and walking through it is not advisable. Be sure to purchase a ticket for the sightseeing bus. • Ticket Price: 15 RMB • Ticket Office Location: Next to the entrance, approximately as shown below— Tour Sequence: 1. Exhibition Hall 9901 2. Bronze Chariot and Horse Exhibition Hall 3. Exhibition Hall 0006 (opposite the Bronze Chariot and Horse Exhibition Hall) 4. Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang (Currently, you can only see a mound of earth, so you may choose to skip this) 5. Exit
If everything goes smoothly, we should be exiting Lishan Garden around 12:00 PM, just in time to address our lunch needs. Take the shuttle bus back to the North Gate 1 of the Qinshihuang's Terracotta Army Museum. From there, head southeast. After passing the statue of Qin Shi Huang, continue south, and you will soon arrive at a bustling food street. While there are many dining options available, only a few are truly worth recommending. Here are our top picks for you. Here, we would like to formally introduce you to "Pao Mo" and "Biang Biang Noodles." These dishes are commonly found in many local restaurants in Xi'an, and we highly recommend you give them a try. Understanding Paomo (This section is mentioned in "Verses of Time: The Eternal Rhythms of Chang'an"; if you are already familiar, you can skip it) Xi'an is renowned as the birthplace of Paomo, a dish with nearly a thousand years of history. Visiting Xi'an without trying Paomo is like going to the United States without eating a hamburger, going to France without tasting foie gras, or going to Japan without having sushi. Paomo in Xi'an can be categorized by its main ingredients into three types: Lamb Paomo, Beef Paomo, and Hulutou Paomo (made with pork tripe). Alternatively, it can be classified by its preparation method into four types: Dan Zou, Gan Ba, Kou Tang, and Shui Wei Cheng. • Dan Zou: The bread and soup are served separately. The bread (mo) is broken into pieces and added to the soup, and after eating, a bowl of fresh soup is drunk separately, known as "each with its own flavor." • Gan Ba: Also known as "dry paomo," this method ensures that no soup is visible in the bowl after cooking. The bread pieces are so compact that a chopstick can stand upright in the bowl. • Kou Tang: After finishing the Paomo, only a small amount of soup remains at the bottom of the bowl. • Shui Wei Cheng: As the name suggests, this method involves a generous amount of soup, resembling a city surrounded by water. After breaking the bread, placing a chopstick on the bowl signals the server to prepare it as Gan Ba. For Kou Tang and Shui Wei Cheng, no chopstick is needed, as the size of the bread pieces corresponds to the cooking method. The principle is that larger bread pieces require more soup, and smaller pieces require less. Experienced chefs can determine the amount of soup needed based on the size of the bread pieces. Paomo requires meticulous culinary skills. The processes of baking the bread, cooking the meat, cutting the meat, and cooking the bread are all done with great precision. The bread, known as "tuotuo mo," is crispy and fragrant, holding its shape in the soup. The meat is prepared with over ten kinds of spices, creating a rich and layered flavor and a tender texture. Serving Suggestions about Paomo: Before dining, customers must break the "tuotuo mo" into small pieces. The smaller the pieces, the better, as this allows the flavors to fully penetrate the bread. Some Lamb Paomo restaurants offer a bread-crushing machine to assist customers, but many believe this is not "authentic." After breaking the bread, the chef cooks it. The cooking process involves determining the amount of soup based on the bread, using the right amount of seasoning, cooking quickly over high heat, and serving promptly to ensure the original soup flavor infuses the bread, creating a fragrant dish. When Paomo is served, it is essential to accompany it with chili paste, pickled garlic, and cilantro. We strongly recommend trying all these accompaniments, as the methods perfected by the people of Xi'an over thousands of years are sure to surprise and delight you. Understanding Biangbiang Noodles (This section is also mentioned in "Verses of Time: The Eternal Rhythms of Chang'an"; if you are already familiar, you can skip it) The Guanzhong region (present-day central Shaanxi) has a long-standing tradition of noodle dishes, and Biangbiang noodles are one of the most iconic and distinctive noodle dishes from Shaanxi's Guanzhong area. The chef rolls the dough into wide and thick sheets, then grabs the ends of the dough and vigorously stretches and slaps it in the air. During this process, the dough swings rapidly, creating intense friction with the air. Due to the width and thickness of the dough, it produces a loud "biangbiang" sound as it moves quickly, hence the name "Biangbiang noodles." This lively preparation method results in noodles with a chewy and satisfying texture. Biangbiang noodles come in various flavors depending on the toppings. For example, "Youpo Biangbiang noodles" are made by placing chili powder, fresh scallions, and garlic on the noodles and then drizzling hot oil over them. Another popular variation, known as "Sanheyi (three into one)," includes minced meat, tomato and egg sauce, vegetables, and chili powder, all topped with hot oil. The inventive people of Shaanxi have developed many other variations, waiting for you to explore. Biangbiang noodles are a vivid expression of Shaanxi's regional culture. The name "Biangbiang noodles" has become a symbolic representation of Shaanxi's culinary culture. From this name, one can sense the rich folk customs of the Shaanxi region and the unique humor of its people.
After lunch, around 1:00 PM, is the perfect time to visit the Terracotta Army. By this time, the morning visitors have left, and the afternoon crowd has yet to arrive, allowing you to avoid the peak hours. This means you can get a front-row view at each pit and take your time to appreciate the details. From the commercial area exit, turn left and walk about 100 meters to reach the main entrance plaza. There are two security checks to enter the Terracotta Army site. The first is at the entrance to the main plaza, and the second is at the entrance to the Terracotta Army area itself. There is a few hundred meters' walk between the two. If the weather is not favorable or if you want to save your energy, it is recommended to turn left after the first security check and take the shuttle bus for 5 RMB. Of course, if the line for the shuttle bus is too long, walking will take about 10 minutes. Discovering the Terracotta Army The construction of the Terracotta Army began in 246 BC when Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China, ascended the throne at the age of 13. It took nearly 40 years to complete and is a product of the Qin Dynasty, the first unified feudal dynasty in Chinese history. Contrary to common belief, the Terracotta Army is not a mere underground burial pit but an elaborate subterranean timber-and-earth structure. The construction process involved digging a large pit about 5 meters deep, with parallel earthen walls built in the middle. Wooden pillars were placed on both sides of these walls, with horizontal beams laid across the pillars. These beams and earthen walls were then covered with a dense layer of wooden planks, followed by a layer of reed mats, and finally covered with loess soil, forming the pit roof. The roof was about 2 meters above the ground level at that time. The floor of the pit was paved with green bricks, and the internal height from the pit floor to the roof was 3.2 meters. So far, four main pits have been excavated. Pits 1, 2, and 3 form a "品" shape, while Pit 4 is an empty pit with no terracotta figures. Pit 1: The largest pit, featuring a rectangular military formation composed mainly of infantry, chariots, and horses. Pit 2: Contains a large military formation with a mix of chariots, cavalry, and infantry. Pit 3: The smallest pit, primarily containing wooden chariots and ceremonial guards. The artifacts unearthed from the pits can be categorized into four main types: 1. Terracotta Figures: Approximately 8,000 terracotta figures have been discovered, including charioteers, cavalry, and infantry. Each figure is unique in attire, expression, hairstyle, and posture, reflecting a high level of individuality. They are classified into military officers and common soldiers, with further distinctions among high-ranking officers (commonly known as generals), mid-ranking officers, and low-ranking officers. Common soldiers are divided into light and heavy infantry. 2. Terracotta Horses: These horses stand about 172 cm tall and are 200 cm long. They are relatively small, with heavy heads, prominent nasal bones, short thick necks, low manes, broad backs, and wide chests. 3. Weapons: A large number of weapons have been unearthed, including ge (dagger-axes), spears, halberds, axes, shus (a type of pole weapon), pi (a type of dagger), bows, and crossbows. 4. Other Artifacts: Pit 1 also yielded a bronze bell used for military command. The craftsmanship of the terracotta figures is exquisite, combining molding and sculpting techniques. The figures were first shaped roughly, then refined with additional clay and detailed carving. The heads, hands, and bodies were made separately and assembled. After drying, the figures were fired in kilns at around 1000 degrees Celsius. Once fired, they were painted, possibly using an assembly line process. When first unearthed, the terracotta figures were brightly colored, with pink skin, black eyes, and multicolored clothing, featuring over a dozen colors that made them look almost lifelike. The pigments used included cinnabar for red, Turquoise for green, bone white, carbon black, and the mysterious blue and purple pigments identified as barium copper silicate (han purple and han blue), a compound used in superconductors. How the Qin people synthesized this compound over 2,000 years ago remains a mystery. Unfortunately, the pigments begin to flake off within half an hour of exposure to air. (Imagined full-color Terracotta Army) The total height of the terracotta figures, including their bases, is generally over 180 cm, with the tallest reaching around 250 cm. Without the bases, the figures' heights range from 170.5 cm to 181.5 cm, averaging about 178.5 cm. However, this is an idealized representation. Based on Qin Dynasty measurements, the average height of Qin people was likely between 160 and 170 cm. In 1987, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and the Terracotta Army were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, hailed as the "Eighth Wonder of the World." Our visit will follow the sequence of Pits 1, 3, and 2 to avoid retracing our steps. Let's start with Pit 1.
Here is a guide to the tea drinks and gourmet food surrounding the performances of "The Resurrected Army" and "The Song of Everlasting Sorrow." Please choose the performance you wish to watch and follow the instructions accordingly. If you want to attend "The Resurrection Army," follow the steps below: Transportation - Heading to the 16:40 Show of "The Resurrected Army" "The Resurrected Legion" The Resurrected Legion - Tea Break Time Introduction to "The Resurrected Legion" Performance The Resurrected Legion - Dinner By following these steps, you will complete today's journey. If you prefer to attend "The Song of Everlasting Sorrow," follow these steps: Transportation - Heading to the 19:10 Show of "The Song of Everlasting Regret" "The Song of Everlasting Regret" The Song of Everlasting Regret - Leisure Massage The Song of Everlasting Regret - Coffee and Tea The Song of Everlasting Regret - Dinner Introduction to "The Song of Everlasting Regret" Performance By following these steps, you will complete today's journey. Lastly, don't forget to check out "More Excitement Awaits"
If you arrive early, you can grab a drink first. There's a place called "Chahuanong" that is highly recommended. "Chahuanong" is a charming tea house where you can experience traditional Chinese tea culture in a cozy and relaxing atmosphere.
Since the performance does not have English subtitles, we will provide a brief overview of the entire show to help you understand the storyline. Please note that this summary contains spoilers. Story Background The performance is based on two letters found in the Qin tomb at Yunmeng County, Hubei Province, in 1975. These letters were written by two brothers, Heifu and Jing, to their elder brother Zhong. The story recreates the scenes of Heifu and Jing following the Qin army on an expedition to the state of Chu. It tells the tale of their farewell to family, long journey, brave battles, and eventual deaths in a foreign land, showcasing the Qin people's patriotism and the rise and fall of the Qin Empire. Prologue: • Opening Scene: The performance begins with the lights dimming and a giant Terracotta Warrior head coming to life, introducing itself to the audience as if awakening from a long sleep to lead them through time. The doors then open, the moon rises, and people slowly walk into a mysterious green corridor while a large screen plays a video about the origins of the Qin people. • Historical Background: The video explains the development of the Qin state over 2000 years and the reforms of Shang Yang, which strengthened the Qin and set the stage for their wars to unify the six states. This background information, mentioned above, is crucial for understanding the subsequent plot. Act 1: Farewell to Family: • Scene Setting: In a small village, a lively wedding is taking place. The groom is named Jing, his elder brother is Zhong, and his younger brother is Heifu. The village is filled with a festive atmosphere, but the peace is shattered by the conscription order from Emperor Qin Shi Huang. • Conscription Scene: Emperor Qin Shi Huang orders conscription, and two of the three brothers must go. Zhong, who had previously fought in a war and returned with a leg injury, stays behind. Newlywed Jing and the youngest brother Heifu are forced to enlist, bidding farewell to their family. This scene highlights the helplessness and sacrifices of ordinary Qin families in the face of national duty, and the emotional farewells are deeply moving. Act 2: Qin Army Camp: • Life in the Camp: Jing and Heifu arrive at the Qin army camp, where soldiers from all over the country gather. They live and train together under strict military discipline, enduring high-intensity training daily. • Emperor's Inspection: One day, Emperor Qin Shi Huang inspects the camp, standing on a high platform to address the soldiers who are about to go to war, wishing them a safe return. The soldiers are full of fighting spirit, eager to achieve glory on the battlefield. This scene showcases the discipline and combat readiness of the Qin army, as well as the soldiers' loyalty to their country and their desire for war. Act 3 (Part 1): Long Journey, Missing Family: • Difficult March: The Qin army embarks on a long and arduous march towards the battlefield, enduring harsh conditions without rest for over ten days. Many soldiers die from exhaustion before even reaching the battlefield, highlighting the brutality of war and the soldiers' hardships. • Homesickness: After entering the state of Chu, the battles are relentless, with heavy casualties daily. In a snow-covered cave during winter, Jing and Heifu write a letter to their family, expressing their longing for their mother and requesting money and clothes. They also vow to kill more enemies and earn titles to bring honor to their family. This scene portrays the soldiers' homesickness and the emotional toll of war. Act 3 (Part 2): Battle of Shouchun, Fall of Chu: • Battle Scene: The Qin army finally reaches the capital of Chu, Shouchun, where a fierce battle ensues. The audience is immersed in the intense warfare, with shouts and flames filling the air. • Victory: The Qin soldiers capture the city, replacing the Chu flag with the Qin flag, and the audience follows the Qin army into the city gates. This scene demonstrates the Qin army's formidable combat power and the joy of victory, marking another step towards the unification of the six states. Act 4: Unification of the Empire: 1. National Unity: After the fall of the six states, the Qin Empire is unified. However, Jing and Heifu die in battle and never return home. Elder brother Zhong inherits their military honors and leads the family to a peaceful life. The country settles into peace after the wars. 2. Terracotta Warriors Memorial: Jing's child grows up without ever meeting his father. Zhong creates two terracotta figures in the likeness of Jing and Heifu, dressing them in the clothes their mother made. The story then fast-forwards to March 1974, when farmers discover the Terracotta Army pit while digging a well. The Qin soldiers from over 2000 years ago reappear before the world. This scene connects history with the present, deepening the audience's understanding of the Qin people's history and the significance of the Terracotta Army. Performance Guidelines: • Restricted Items: It is strictly prohibited to bring knives, liquid beverages, flammable and explosive items, hazardous chemicals, and any suspicious items into the venue. • Personal Belongings: Keep your personal items such as phones and wallets secure, as the audience will move between scenes during the performance. • Orderly Conduct: The theater does not have assigned seating. Please follow the staff's guidance and sit in an orderly manner. Do not move around or speak loudly during the performance to avoid disturbing others. • No Photography or Recording: To protect the performance's copyright and avoid disrupting the actors and other audience members, photography and recording are prohibited during the show. • Safety: The venue may have dim lighting, and the audience will need to move between scenes. Be mindful of your steps to avoid tripping or bumping into others.
As the performance concludes and the evening lights begin to glow, let's wrap up our day of historical exploration with a delightful dinner.
The performance of "Song of Everlasting Regret" starts at 7:10 PM, so we still have plenty of time. Let's take this opportunity to relax a bit and then enjoy a delightful dinner.
After a day of traveling, you must be quite exhausted. We have arranged some relaxing options for you, including foot massages and traditional Chinese massages.
If you prefer not to have a massage, enjoying a cup of refreshing coffee or tea can also be very helpful in relieving fatigue.
After some leisure time, let's grab a bite to eat. After all, watching a performance on an empty stomach is not an enjoyable experience, especially when the evening show is so spectacular. You definitely don't want the rumbling of your stomach to affect your mood.
This is a large-scale live-action historical dance drama, consisting of 10 acts and lasting 70 minutes. Entry Tips: • If the temperature is low on the day of the performance, the temperature on Mount Li will be about 5 degrees Celsius lower than in the city. It is advisable to prepare a thick coat in advance. At the entrance of Huaqing Palace, you can rent military coats or blankets for around 10 RMB. If you rent them after entering, the price will increase by 5-10 times. • If the audience in front of you is tall and blocking your view, consider standing in the last row for a better view. • Binoculars are not useful. • At the ticket office, staff may sell "VIP Entry" passes for an additional 50 RMB, allowing early entry and providing services like hot water for foot baths or hot tea. If you don't want to wait in line, this might be worth considering. Historical Background of the Dance Drama "The Song of Everlasting Sorrow" – The An Lushan Rebellion: The An Lushan Rebellion occurred during the mid-Tang Dynasty, in the Tianbao era of Emperor Xuanzong. The rebellion caused immense losses, not only in terms of population and economy but also in cultural changes. Some scholars estimate that the rebellion resulted in the loss of 30 to 36 million people. In the capital region, which originally had a population of 2 million, only fewer than 1,000 households remained after the rebel forces' plundering. Wherever the rebels went, they committed atrocities, causing the population to plummet dramatically. Before the rebellion, the Tang Dynasty's cultural atmosphere was open, confident, and prosperous. However, the war plunged people's lives into hardship, and the social turmoil affected their mental state. Subsequently, the cultural atmosphere of the Tang Dynasty became more conservative and introspective. The An Lushan Rebellion was not only a turning point from prosperity to decline for the Tang Dynasty but also had a profound impact on the development of Chinese history, significantly altering the course of ancient Chinese society. The Background and Causes of the Era: Internal and External Troubles, Severe Land Annexation, and Heavy Taxes: In the early Tang Dynasty, the equal-field system promoted agricultural recovery and development. However, by the time of Emperor Xuanzong, arable land had decreased, and the equal-field system was gradually destroyed. Nobles, bureaucrats, and wealthy merchants annexed large amounts of land. For example, Prime Minister Li Linfu acquired extensive estates in the capital, seizing the land of commoners. Many farmers lost their land and lived in poverty. During the Tianbao period, farmers had to pay not only rent and labor taxes but also additional taxes such as the household tax, foot tax, and commodity tax, leading to a surge in the number of fleeing farmers. Records indicate that over five million households fled during the Tianbao period, severely impacting the state's fiscal revenue and social stability. Transition from Volunteer Soldiers to Professional Soldiers, Strengthening Frontier Military Forces: In the early Tang Dynasty, under the fubing system, soldiers farmed during peacetime and fought during wartime, providing a stable and manageable source of troops. However, over time, the fubing system disintegrated, and the recruitment system became mainstream. Under the recruitment system, soldiers received professional military training and had strong combat capabilities, but they formed close ties with their commanders, leading to the formation of local military forces. To defend the frontiers, the Tang Dynasty established several military corps in border areas, stationing large numbers of troops long-term. An Lushan controlled the Fanyang, Hedong, and Pinglu military corps, commanding a formidable force of 150,000 elite soldiers. In contrast, during the reign of Septimius Severus, the Roman Empire had only about 200,000 soldiers despite significant military development. Emperor Xuanzong's Incompetence: In the early years of his reign, Emperor Xuanzong was diligent and brought prosperity to the state, known as the "Kaiyuan Golden Age." However, in his later years, he became indulgent and neglected state affairs, leading to a decline in governance and military control. Emperor Xuanzong appointed Li Linfu as prime minister for 19 years. Li Linfu, jealous of the capable, consolidated his power by eliminating rivals. He used various insidious means to suppress upright officials, and the idiom "honeyed words and a sword in the belly" originated from him. He staged the farce of "no talent left in the wild" to prevent capable individuals from entering the court, leading to a decline in talent and increasing political darkness. After Li Linfu, Emperor Xuanzong favored Yang Guozhong, who was incompetent but ambitious. Yang Guozhong vied for power with An Lushan, repeatedly slandering him to Emperor Xuanzong, claiming that An Lushan intended to rebel, thus intensifying the conflict between An Lushan and the court, which became one of the triggers for the An Lushan Rebellion. Emperor Xuanzong was also extremely extravagant. To satisfy his and Yang Guifei's desires, he spent vast amounts of resources on palace construction, such as Huaqing Palace, which required significant annual expenditures for maintenance and expansion. The palace was lavishly decorated, filled with various treasures. Emperor Xuanzong indulged in music and dance, maintaining a large number of musicians and dancers in the palace. He and Yang Guifei enjoyed nightly revelries, with the famous "Rainbow Skirt and Feathered Coat Dance" being a representative of court entertainment. Lavish banquets were frequent, with enormous expenses on food, drinks, and performances. For example, to please Yang Guifei, fresh lychees were transported from Lingnan to Chang'an, a journey of over 2,500 kilometers. The lychees had a shelf life of only 2-3 days, even with special preservation methods like sealing and icing, extending it to 10 days. In ancient times, with horses as the primary mode of transportation, this was an unimaginable task. The Tang Dynasty stipulated that urgent military messages could only be delivered at a speed of 250 kilometers per day, and even horses might die from exhaustion. Imagine the extravagance of transporting lychees faster than urgent military messages. Finally, Emperor Xuanzong's poor judgment led to the tragedy. Despite multiple signs of An Lushan's rebellion, Emperor Xuanzong was deceived by An Lushan's apparent loyalty and never believed he would rebel. When the An Lushan Rebellion broke out, the Tang central government was unprepared, and the army hastily responded, leading to initial rebel victories. The capital was quickly captured, and the main story of "The Song of Everlasting Sorrow" unfolds against this historical backdrop. Below is a brief overview of the 10 acts of the dance drama "The Song of Everlasting Sorrow." Please review it in advance to gain a deeper understanding of the performance. Prologue: A Young Girl from the Yang Family A beautiful lotus blooms on the rippling waters of Jiulong Lake, where Yang Yuhuan, draped in a long veil, dances gracefully among the flowers. Her delicate figure and jade-like beauty illuminate the verdant mountains and blur the misty trees and dragon pavilions. The melodious chimes seem to transport the audience back to that long-forgotten historical scene. Act 1: Chosen to Serve the Emperor The naturally beautiful and charming Yang Yuhuan is summoned to the palace. Emperor Xuanzong gazes at her stunning beauty and presents her with a golden hairpin and a jeweled box as tokens of their love. A grand ceremony is held in the golden hall, with ministers offering congratulations, performers singing and dancing, and the hall ablaze with lights and colors. Act 2: Whispering in the Night On the seventh day of the seventh lunar month (Chinese Valentine's Day), countless stars twinkle in the night sky, and a crescent moon hangs high. Emperor Xuanzong and Yang Guifei gaze at the Milky Way, sharing their deepest feelings and making vows by burning incense. They dance under the moonlight, in the water, and among the trees, expressing their love and tenderness. Act 3: A Spring Bath at Huaqing Pool Surrounded by numerous palace maids, Yang Guifei, draped in a thin robe, reveals her delicate figure. Under a thin water curtain, the graceful silhouettes of the concubine and the maids create a bathing scene of "smooth skin washed by the hot spring." Yang Guifei's tender figure sways gently in the transparent water, her plump beauty like a pear blossom in the rain, and her delicate form like a jade branch covered in dew. Act 4: The Interrupted Dance of the Rainbow Skirt and Feathered Coat An Lushan visits Emperor Xuanzong and Yang Guifei and, with ulterior motives, performs a Hu dance. His sudden wild dance startles the concubine and the dancers, who then join in the Hu dance. The slow and graceful dance of the Feathered Coat is disrupted, and the Emperor, unable to contain his excitement, joins them, showcasing his imperial majesty and the inviolability of pure love. Act 5: Drunken Spring Banquet The beautiful Yang Guifei, favored and pampered, enjoys endless banquets day and night, her eyes dreamy with intoxication. With a touch of red on her cloud-like hair, she is filled with the warmth of spring. Attended by palace maids, Yang Guifei, in her drunken state, exudes charm and tenderness, her heart fluttering with springtime emotions. Act 6: Heavenly Music Everywhere At the foot of Mount Li, in the high palace, the Pear Garden is filled with slow songs and dances, and heavenly music floats in the air, creating a scene of peace and prosperity. Yang Guifei leads the Pear Garden disciples in a dance among the hibiscus flowers, while Emperor Xuanzong, captivated by his beloved's beauty, is immersed in the sweetness of love. Act 7: All the Emperor's Love On Yang Guifei's birthday, Emperor Xuanzong hosts a banquet at the Hall of Longevity. Officials offer congratulations, and performers dance. The palace is filled with birdsong and the fragrance of flowers, resplendent and magnificent. Yang Guifei dances gracefully to the new tune of "Rainbow Skirt," like a celestial being. Emperor Xuanzong embraces her, and she leans tenderly against him. The Emperor plays a tune called "Night Cry," prompting the dancers to raise their sleeves and dance, with auspicious clouds floating around. Act 8: The Drums of Rebellion An Lushan rebels, Tongguan falls, and the capital is in crisis, shattering Emperor Xuanzong's dream of spring nights. Amid the mountains, war rages, and in the palace, people flee in panic. The raging fire burns the Emperor's "hibiscus tent" and his dreams of imperial power. Act 9: The Abandoned Hairpin Emperor Xuanzong flees west to Mawei Slope, where the soldiers mutiny and force him to order Yang Guifei's death. Surrounded by soldiers, the Emperor and Yang Guifei are helpless and heartbroken, unable to part. Wrapped in countless white silk, Yang Guifei dies tragically under the pale moonlight. Her mournful song echoes through the mountains and fields. Act 10: Reunion in Heaven Emperor Xuanzong's soul leaves his body and reunites with Yang Yuhuan in the Moon Palace. They gaze at each other with tearful eyes, expressing their longing. Fairy maidens, holding colorful ribbons, dance gracefully in the mist, their elegant "Rainbow Skirt and Feathered Coat Dance" like a breeze, celebrating the lovers' reunion in the celestial palace and expressing the beautiful wish of "May we be birds flying wing to wing in heaven, and trees with branches intertwined on earth."
As you witness the exquisitely crafted bronze chariots and horses emerging from the mists of history, the diverse figurines depicting courtly details, and the formidable warriors of the Qin Dynasty, standing silently and menacingly before you, does the abstract and vague concept of the Qin Dynasty transform from a faded symbol of over 2,000 years ago into something more tangible? It might be hard to imagine that after unifying the six states, the Qin Dynasty achieved so many monumental feats in just fifteen years: standardizing the written script and measurements, constructing the Great Wall, establishing the "Qin Chidao" (imperial roads, same as Qin Zhidao), creating a centralized bureaucratic system, building the Mausoleum of the First Emperor, and conquering the regions of Wu and Yue. Yet, like a meteor streaking across the night sky, the Qin Dynasty burned brightly and then fell dramatically amidst a tidal wave of rebellion. Perhaps it is this combination of brilliance and brevity that makes this "swan song" so captivating and mysterious. Although the intense light of this meteor was fleeting, it set the trajectory for Chinese civilization for the next 2,200 years. The memories inscribed by the unified script, the landscapes connected by the imperial roads, have long since become the hidden codes within the blood of the Chinese people. If you look closely, you will find similar patterns winding through the camel bells of the Han Dynasty, the swords and poetry of the Tang Dynasty, the merchant ships of the Song Dynasty, and all the way to everything you witness today. This impressive day is coming to an end. We hope you had a wonderful time. Good night. Oh, and if you enjoyed today's itinerary, please consider leaving us a positive review. It would greatly help other travelers who are considering a trip to China. Of course, if there was anything you were dissatisfied with, please let us know promptly. Your feedback helps us continually improve our services. Thank you very much.
1. Today's itinerary mainly revolves around the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum Museum; please have breakfast at the hotel or nearby.
2. Please wear comfortable shoes, as there will be quite a bit of walking today.
3. Try to carry a power bank to ensure your phone remains charged.
4. Please do not carry too many items, especially knives or fragile items.
5. Bring a sun umbrella, sunscreen clothing, or a jacket as needed. From May to October, Xi'an is mostly hot, while during other times, you will have to be concerned about the colder temperatures.
6. Remember to bring your passport.
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★ 5.0 / 5 · 11 reviews from app travelers
The Terracotta Army is even more overwhelming in person — rank after rank of warriors, each face different, 2,000 years old. The kids were awestruck. Lishan Garden added context, and the evening performance of The Song of Everlasting Regret — a huge outdoor show about the Tang emperor and Yang Guifei — had us all hooked. A magnificent day.
Als Studentin der chinesischen Geschichte, die Krieger des Qin Shihuang zu sehen — dieselbe Schrift, dieselben Maße, dasselbe Straßensystem, das er vereinheitlicht hat — machte alles konkret, was ich studiert habe. Die Gruben sind überwältigend. Die Abendvorstellung war ein wunderschönes, dramatisches Ende. Xi'an liefert Geschichte mit Spektakel.
Eight thousand Terracotta Warriors, eight thousand different faces — the best “extras” of the Qin dynasty. “Song of Everlasting Sorrow” uses real mountains and water as its stage, the lighting choreographed like a film storyboard. As a documentary director, I spent the whole show working out how they shot it.
The Terracotta Army is one of those things you have to see to believe. The scale is just staggering. Standing there, looking at the faces of soldiers buried for two millennia, is a truly humbling experience. Getting out to the site seemed complicated, but this app handled all the logistics, which was a huge relief. The day ended with the Song of Everlasting Sorrow performance, an epic show with the mountain as its backdrop. It was a powerful and seamless way to experience one of the world's greatest historical wonders.
Eight thousand Terracotta Warriors, eight thousand different faces — the best “extras” of the Qin dynasty. “Song of Everlasting Sorrow” uses real mountains and water as its stage, the lighting choreographed like a film storyboard. As a documentary director, I spent the whole show working out how they shot it.
This day delivered the kind of “must-see” history that even a reserved traveler cannot resist. The Terracotta Warriors are astonishing in person—scale, detail, and the sheer gravity of Qin history. I appreciated that the itinerary paired the museum visit with a large-format performance such as The Resurrection of the Legion or Song of Everlasting Sorrow; it gave the history an emotional dimension rather than leaving it as static artifacts. Practical touches mattered: the pacing felt realistic, and the addition of Chinese-style leisure/foot massage at the end was a very civilised solution after hours on your feet. Meals were reliable and filling: a proper lamb paomo, biangbiang noodles, sesame liangpi, and classic grilled skewers—exactly what you want after a day of monumental archaeology. If your priority is imperial-era impact with minimal logistical worry, this is a strong choice.
More ideas for a day you’ll remember.
Self-guided tour
Self-guided tour